Social Welfare Map from the SWHA, Linnea Anderson

Mapping Charity in the 1920s

Published September 8, 2014 by Kirsten Delegard

After a summer hiatus, Historyapolis is returning to regular programming. Since it’s map Monday, today we’re featuring a map of “Charities and Social Welfare” in Minneapolis from the Social Welfare History Archives at the University of Minnesota.

This diagram maps the provision of private aid to Minneapolitans in the second half of the 1920s, showing the location of 62 private aid organizations.  The exact date of this map is unknown, but we know it was created after 1924, when the Phyllis Wheatley House was established and before 1929, when the YWCA moved to a new building on Nicollet Mall. In addition to the Wheatley House and the YWCA, the map includes the Maternity Hospital established by Martha Ripley and the Bethany Home for “fallen women” conceived by Charlotte Van Cleve, Harriet Walker, Euphoria Outlook and Abby Mendenhall.  It shows the city’s settlement houses and its public homes for the impoverished elderly. It indicates the locations of orphanages; non-profit employment agencies; homeless shelters and missions; and even the Legal Aid Society, which gave free legal advice to workers embroiled in wage disputes.

In the decade before the Great Depression, the city had little in the way of “public” or government-funded charity or welfare programs. Instead, city residents were served by the network of private charitable associations shown here. Between the 1880s and the 1920s–as the population of the city expanded exponentially–concerned Minneapolitans created these myriad organizations to address the hardships created by urbanization, immigration and industrialization. The needs were overwhelming. The city lacked decent affordable housing and had little in the way of sanitation services; children wandered the streets; working people struggled to maintain their health and their employment. These groups–which varied in focus, purpose and philosophy–struggled to make the urban environment more liveable and humane, paying particular attention to the welfare of vulnerable women and children.

The organizations shown here were likely linked by a common association with the Community Fund of the Council of Social Agencies, which ran a fund-raising campaign for associated social welfare groups in the city. This map was likely created by this group as a resource for both donors and social workers.

Created at the behest of the business community, the Council was animated by the principle of “scientific charity.” Business leaders were instrumental in championing this philosophy, which called on social welfare agencies to work together to prevent duplication of efforts and connect deserving individuals to the services they needed most. This coordination had a darker side as well. Proponents of scientific charity were focused on ensuring that recipients did not lose their will to work and did not game the system, drawing aid from multiple sources.

The landscape of private charity was transformed by the onset of the Great Depression, which threw one-third of the city out of work. This crisis overwhelmed private charity, which could not meet the overwhelming needs of the city during that decade. This economic collapse prompted the creation of a series of government welfare programs, which now work hand-in-hand with many of these same groups to address–but never satisfy–the social needs of the community.

Image credit: Linnea Anderson, Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries.

strike, creamette company, john vachon, September 1939, LOC

Labor strife and the making of Minneapolis

Published September 2, 2014 by Kirsten Delegard

This week we’ll feature images of Minneapolis workers, in honor of Labor Day. The 1934 Truckers’ Strike is the the most famous labor conflict in the history of Minneapolis and is now credited with making the city a union town. This strike did break the control of the repressive Citizens’ Alliance. But this one conflict did not make the city into a union stronghold. This epic clash ushered in a period of labor unrest and for the rest of the decade, workers struggled for collective bargaining and higher wages in workplaces all over the city. This image from the Library of Congress shows a woman picketing the Creamette Company–known for making macaroni part of an American diet–in September 1939. Photographer John Vachon captured the scene.

Photo from minneapolis mob outside Lee house, 1931, published in the Crisis

“A Right to Establish a Home”

Published August 22, 2014 by Kirsten Delegard

Some of you might recall that in July I wrote about the Lee family and their efforts to make a home in an all-white neighborhood in South Minneapolis. A new exhibit that explores this subject–examining the violent reaction of the community–opens tonight, at Rapson Hall, on the Minneapolis campus of the University of Minnesota.

“A Right to Establish a Home” is the work of University of Minnesota professor Greg Donofrio and his students. The exhibit looks beyond the chilling mob vigil–which divided the city in the summer of 1931–to look at the broader context of race and housing in Minneapolis, racism in Minnesota, and the individuals and organizations that defended the Lees, including the NAACP and the distinguished attorney Lena Olive Smith. For more background about what went into this exhibit, read this article.

If you can’t make it to the opening reception, the exhibit will be up until early January. Check it out. This is one of the most critical–and ugliest–episodes in the history of the city.

VJ day, nicollet avenue, photo 1, side 1 walter scott, hitching his bike on a car, 814 hawthorne avenue, hclib newspaper photo

Bike safety c. 1930s

Published July 31, 2014 by Kirsten Delegard

Sometime in the late 1930s or early 1940s, Walter Scott demonstrated for a newspaper photographer the common (and dangerous) practice of “hitching” a bike on a car for speed and thrills. According to the photo caption, the boy lived at 814 Hawthorne Avenue, a neighborhood on the north edge of downtown that was flattened first by the construction of the Farmer’s Market and then the freeway. Since the lad gave his name and address to a reporter, it’s not likely he was trying to hide his behavior from his mother. The image was probably created as part of a public safety campaign. Now it’s in the collection of historic newspaper photos at the Hennepin County Libraries Special Collections. Thanks to citizen-researcher Rita Yeada for locating and digitizing this and so many other amazing images.

greyhound terminal, became first avenue

The Legacy of Purple Rain

Published July 30, 2014 by Kirsten Delegard

Music journalist Andrea Swensson teamed up with MPR news host Tom Weber to create an in-depth audio documentary that looks at the legacy of Purple Rain, thirty years after the release of the movie. The pair toured First Avenue and interviewed Bobby Z (the drummer for Prince’s band the Revolution) and Prince’s co-star in the movie, Apollonia. Aired on the Current this last Sunday night, this musical history explores how a group of Minneapolis musicians changed rock and roll around the world.

This postcard–from the Hennepin County Libraries Special Collections–shows the building formerly known as the Greyhound Bus Terminal. This image was created in the late 1930s, long before the music world imagined First Avenue. Thanks to citizen-researcher Rita Yeada for finding and digitizing this image.

 

 

Collection I.368.180

Purple Rain: “A love letter to Minneapolis”

Published July 29, 2014 by Kirsten Delegard

The premiere of the film, “Purple Rain,” thirty years ago was a major cultural milestone for Minneapolis. Listen here to this wonderful conversation between Minneapolis native Michele Norris and National Public Radio television correspondent Eric Deggans about the film–and its legacy for music, the city and the world. Norris–who is related to musician Mark Brown–calls the film “a love letter to Minneapolis.”

This image–by local photographer Charles Chamblis, who chronicled the African-American community in Minneapolis during the years dominated by the “Minneapolis Sound”–may show Prince delivering a far more intimate “love letter” to the part of the city that nurtured him when he was most vulnerable. The photograph–from the collections of the Minnesota Historical Society–shows Prince playing in 1985 at a street festival sponsored by Phyllis Wheatley House, the North Side settlement house that has nurtured generations of young people and served as a safe haven in the city for African-American visitors. Taken one year after the release of the film that made him internationally famous, this photograph illuminates the North Side roots of the man most associated in the public imagination with First Avenue downtown.

With this performance, Prince was following the footsteps of musical legends. Established in 1924, the Phyllis Wheatley House moved into a new building in 1929 that included 18 bedrooms for travelers.While Prince was a native son of the North Side, the Wheatley House played host to visiting luminaries like singers Paul Robeson and Marian Anderson, who could not finding lodging in downtown Minneapolis during the Jim Crow years.  All of these singers repaid the hospitality they enjoyed at the Wheatley House by sharing their music with the families connected to this critical North Side community institution.

 

 

 

Mapping Purple Rain

Published July 28, 2014 by Kirsten Delegard

It’s map Monday. And it’s the 30th anniversary of the release of Prince’s movie and album, “Purple Rain,” which put the Minneapolis Sound on the international map. This website plots the locations featured in the song and movie, which makes it seem as though the international music icon spent all of his time on the south side of the city. It includes none of sites in North Minneapolis so critical to Prince. He made musical history in the North Minneapolis basement of the Anderson house, where he was living as a teenager.

To understand the North Minneapolis roots of “the Kid,” read this piece by Daniel Bergin, who has researched the cultural history of the city’s North Side as a filmmaker for TPT.

 

Cycling Museum of Minnesota

Published July 26, 2014 by Kirsten Delegard

On Thursday night I was lucky enough to get a sneak peak at the newest museum in Minneapolis. Located on the second floor of Recovery Bike Shop in Northeast Minneapolis, the Cycling Museum of Minnesota features “pop-up” exhibits about the many facets of cycling in Minnesota, including racing, recreational cycling, subcultures in the cycling community, and Minnesota’s contributions to the cycling industry. The plan is to open to the public in 2015. But the Museum is hosting a one day Open House this Sunday, to introduce the public to its work. Pedal up Central Avenue on Sunday July 27, 10:00-4:00 to view what they have accomplished so far.

Prince from Hennepin History Museum and Dan Bergin

The creativity of the North Side, past and present

Published July 25, 2014 by Daniel Bergin

Our guest blogger today is Daniel Bergin, Senior Producer at Twin Cities Public Television and the director/producer of “Cornerstones: A History of North Minneapolis.” First broadcast in 2011 on TPT’s Minnesota channel, this documentary about the history of the enclave known as the “Northside” was co-produced by TPT and the University of Minnesota’s Urban Research and Outreach-Engagement Center (UROC). Today he writes about the creative milieu of the city’s North Side, which has fostered some of our community’s most notable writers, artists and musicians.

Thirty summers ago, the film ‘Purple Rain’ premiered to long lines. The film became an instant cult classic, making a local prodigy an international icon. The film focuses on Downtown streetscapes and the famous ‘Lake Minnetonka’ scene.  But the musician’s creative origins are located on the North Side, a part of the city with a rich musical history.

After trouble at home, Prince was welcomed into the house of North Minneapolis matriarch Bernadette Anderson. Prince and her son Andre (Cymone) created what became known in the 1980s as the “Minneapolis Sound” in the Anderson basement.  This photo from the Hennepin History Museum was taken by Bernadette’s daughter Sylvia Anderson. Click here to listen to Bernadette’s son Edward Anderson describe the musicians’ connection to the neighborhood.

Prince is one of the most recent musical talents to emerge from North Minneapolis. decades ealier, two North Side residents– Ira and Oscar Pettiford– -brought a “Minneapolis sound” to the jazz world. Click here to hear Ira’s widow describe how the brothers changed jazz in Minnesota and beyond.

Pivotal in this musical history is the Phyllis Wheatley House.  Segregated downtown hotels sent American legends like Paul Robeson and Marian Anderson to the North Side where they stayed at the Phyllis Wheatley House and performed for the settlement’s children and families.  That legacy stayed with many North Siders, infusing the creative milieu that Prince’s father, and first musical influence, would enjoy when he moved to Minnesota.

This weekend, you can celebrate both the Pettiford brothers and “Purple Rain” as part of “Flow,” the North Side art-crawl that highlights the creative esprit of North Minneapolis. A lively affirmation of the urban creative class, this festival extends along West Broadway and beyond, anchored by long-standing arts centers like Juxtapositon Arts, the Lundstrum Center and the Capri. In fact in the ‘70s the Capri was one of the early venues, for the explosively talented teenager.

Sadly, the stories flowing from the North Side this summer often haven’t been good.  There has been too much violence, and the news that follows.  So his weekend, eschew news of guns and knives. Focus on the products of cameras, pens and brushes, what one-time North Side denizen Gordon Parks called his ‘weapons of choice.” Experience the power of creative place-making. And join the North Side as it revels in the power of arts, past and present.